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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Improved Swiss-rolling Technique for Intestinal Tissue Preparation for Immunohistochemical and Immunofluorescent Analyses
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Cell death at the intestinal epithelial front line.

Maria Eugenia Delgado1, Thomas Grabinger1, Thomas Brunner1

  • 1Chair of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany.

The FEBS Journal
|October 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The intestinal epithelium constantly regenerates, involving physiological cell death. This review explores intestinal epithelial cell death in health and disease, focusing on tumour necrosis factor receptor family signaling.

Keywords:
apoptosiscell deathchemotherapyintestinal epithelial cellsirradiationnecroptosistumour necrosis factor

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Cell Biology

Background:

  • The intestinal epithelium is a vital single-cell layer crucial for nutrient absorption and barrier function.
  • This tissue exhibits high proliferation rates and is prone to physiological and pathophysiological cell death.
  • Dysregulated intestinal epithelial cell death impairs tissue function, impacting nutrient absorption and barrier integrity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cell death processes in the intestinal epithelium.
  • To emphasize cell death mechanisms triggered by the tumour necrosis factor receptor family.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of cell death processes in the intestinal epithelium.
  • Focus on physiological and pathophysiological cell death induction.
  • Analysis of tumour necrosis factor receptor family-mediated cell death.

Main Results:

  • Normal intestinal epithelial cell turnover involves shedding and apoptosis without compromising barrier integrity.
  • Excessive cell death, induced by factors like irradiation, drugs, or inflammation, severely impairs intestinal functions.
  • Tumour necrosis factor receptor family signaling is a key pathway in intestinal epithelial cell death.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding intestinal epithelial cell death is critical for managing gastrointestinal diseases.
  • Targeting tumour necrosis factor receptor family pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for intestinal disorders.
  • Maintaining epithelial barrier integrity during cell death is essential for gut health.