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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
68
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

46
The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Microbial Interactions: Mutualism01:25

Microbial Interactions: Mutualism

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Mutualism is a symbiotic interaction in which all participating organisms benefit. These relationships can be obligate or facultative and are fundamental to ecosystem functions across diverse biological systems.Plant–Fungi MutualismOne well-known example is the association between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizophagus species. The fungal hyphae penetrate the root hairs and the epidermis, forming an extensive hyphal network that establishes a symbiotic association. Through...
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Microbial Interactions: Parasitism01:22

Microbial Interactions: Parasitism

52
Parasitism is a form of microbial interaction in which parasitic microbes exploit a host organism for nutrients and shelter, often at the host's expense. Unlike mutualistic relationships, where both organisms benefit, parasitism benefits only the parasite and harms the host.Classification of ParasitesMicrobial parasites are broadly classified based on their location relative to the host.Ectoparasites remain on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, drawing nutrients...
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota
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Microbiota-mitochondria inter-talk: consequence for microbiota-host interaction.

Yann Saint-Georges-Chaumet1, Marvin Edeas2

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|October 27, 2015
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The gut microbiota influences human health by interacting with mitochondria, affecting immune response and metabolism. Modulating microbiota quality and diversity is key for future gut health treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Recent advances in metagenomics and clinical research underscore the gut microbiota's crucial role in human health.
  • The gut microbiota regulates host immune responses and energetic metabolism through interactions with host cells, particularly mitochondria.
  • Mitochondria and the microbiota share prokaryotic features, leading to intriguing cross-talk with implications for health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and host mitochondria.
  • To understand how mitochondria-microbiota cross-talk influences immune response, metabolism, and gut barrier function.
  • To identify novel therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota for improved host health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on metagenomics, clinical research, and mitochondrial biology.
  • Analysis of studies correlating microbiota composition with mitochondrial function.
  • Investigation of the impact of microbial metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on mitochondria.

Main Results:

  • A strong correlation exists between gut microbiota quality/diversity and mitochondrial function.
  • Mitochondrial ROS production is implicated in innate immunity and inflammation, and can be modulated by pathogenic bacteria.
  • Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, directly impact mitochondrial respiratory chain and ATP production.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota actively targets mitochondria to regulate host interactions, influencing health.
  • Dysregulation of this mitochondria-microbiota axis can lead to pathogenic states.
  • Future therapeutic approaches should focus on modulating microbiota quality and diversity rather than solely targeting metabolites.