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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact
Published on: September 21, 2017
Is "fear of passive movement" a distinctive component of the Fear-Avoidance Model in whiplash?
Howard Vernon1, Rocco Guerriero1, Shawn Kavanaugh1
1Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario.
Objectives:
Modify the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) for 'fear of passive motion' beliefs.
Methods:
With permission, a 14-item modification, the TSK-PM (passive movement), was created. Test-retest reliability was tested first. Construct validity was tested in chronic whiplash patients by comparing the TSK-PM with the TSK, the Neck Disability Index (NDI) and cervical ranges of motion.
Results:
The TSK-PM showed high test-retest reliability (r = 0.83) and high correlation with the original TSK (r = 0.84). Low, non-significant correlations were found with other variables. NDI scores were strongly correlated with ranges of motion.
Conclusions:
While having high test-retest reliability and a single factor structure, the TSK-PM failed to demonstrate distinctive construct validity vs the original TSK. The original TSK is likely to be sufficient to assess fear of being moved in neck pain patients in a clinical setting. Modifications to the current version of the TSK-PM might improve its construct validity in future studies.
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