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Related Concept Videos

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
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[Interferon and bone].

Takeshi Miyamoto1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medice, Japan.

Clinical Calcium
|October 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interferons (IFN) are key immune regulators. This review explores their significant, yet underappreciated, roles in maintaining bone health and homeostasis.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology

Context:

  • Interferons (IFN) α, β, and γ are critical immune system regulators.
  • IFN α and β are induced by viral infections and used in Hepatitis C treatment.
  • IFN γ is produced by activated T cells, particularly Th1 cells.

Purpose:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of interferons (IFNs) within the immune system.
  • To elucidate the less-explored functions of IFNs in regulating bone homeostasis.
  • To discuss the mechanisms by which IFNs impact bone cells, including osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Summary:

  • Interferons (IFN) α, β, and γ are vital for immune regulation.
  • Viral infections induce IFN α and β, with therapeutic applications in Hepatitis C.
  • IFN γ, produced by Th1 cells, also plays a significant immune role.
  • Beyond immunity, IFNs are increasingly recognized for their influence on bone homeostasis.
  • This review focuses on the regulatory effects of IFNs on osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Impact:

  • Highlights the dual role of interferons in immunity and bone metabolism.
  • Provides a comprehensive overview for researchers in immunology, endocrinology, and bone biology.
  • Suggests potential therapeutic avenues targeting IFNs for bone-related disorders.