Subfunctionalization of cation/proton antiporter 1 genes in grapevine in response to salt stress in different organs

Cation/proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) proteins function as regulators of monovalent ions, pH homeostasis, and other developmental processes in plants. Better understanding of the expression and regulation of CPA1 in plant responses to salinity would help the development of scientific practices in crops worldwide. In this report, we characterized all seven CPA1 family genes in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in response to short-term osmotic and NaCl stresses. We found that two of the seven genes have subfunctionalized to be differentially expressed in response to NaCl stress in the early stage in different organs, whereas the other five members seem to play little or no role in this response. Specifically, VIT_19s0090g01480 may control Na(+) compartmentalization in grapevine roots; and VIT_05s0020g01960 may influence Na(+) transfer in stems. Based on the dynamics of ion concentrations, electrolyte leakage rates, and CPA1 gene expression in root, stem, and leaf tissues under osmotic and NaCl stresses, we suggest how grapevine responds physiologically and molecularly to the osmotic and ion toxicity of NaCl stress in the short term. This work lays a foundation for future research on the CPA1 gene family regarding its evolutionary history and biological functions for modulating salt responses in grapevine.