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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

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Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by...
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Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

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Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to...
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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Constipation-Predominant IBS

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Pharmacological therapies for IBS-C are designed to alleviate abdominal discomfort and enhance bowel function. In patients with IBS-C, fiber supplements may help soften stools and decrease straining, but may also lead to increased gas production and bloating. Osmotic laxatives like milk of magnesia are frequently used to soften stools and increase stool frequency in IBS-C patients. In addition, two drugs approved for use in severe IBS-C adult cases are linaclotide (Linzess) and lubiprostone...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development
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Fluconazole exposure during pregnancy.

Yusuf Cem Kaplan, Gideon Koren, Pina Bozzo

    Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien
    |October 28, 2015
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    This summary is machine-generated.

    A single, low dose of fluconazole for vaginal yeast infections is unlikely to harm a pregnancy. This short-term exposure is not associated with an increased risk of major birth defects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • Pharmacology
    • Teratology

    Background:

    • Vaginal candidiasis is common during pregnancy.
    • Fluconazole is a frequently prescribed antifungal medication.
    • Patient concerns exist regarding fetal exposure to fluconazole.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the safety of short-term, low-dose fluconazole exposure during early pregnancy.
    • To address clinical questions regarding the risk of congenital malformations after maternal fluconazole use.

    Main Methods:

    • This is a clinical inquiry based on a patient case.
    • The assessment relies on existing knowledge of fluconazole pharmacokinetics and teratogenicity.
    • Review of relevant medical literature and guidelines.

    Main Results:

    • The patient received a single 150-mg dose of fluconazole approximately 6 weeks prior to conception (2 weeks ago at 8 weeks gestation).
    • This represents a short-term, low-dose exposure scenario.

    Conclusions:

    • Short-term, low-dose fluconazole exposure, as used for vaginal candidiasis, is not expected to elevate the risk of major congenital malformations.
    • Clinicians can reassure patients regarding the safety of such limited exposure during pregnancy.