Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

7.2K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
7.2K
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

1.2K
Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
1.2K
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

5.8K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
5.8K
Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs01:15

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

386
Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
386
Crossover Experiments01:16

Crossover Experiments

4.7K
Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.
4.7K
Design Consideration01:22

Design Consideration

634
Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
The factor of safety is another key...
634

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Racial and ethnic diversity in clinical studies reported to ClinicalTrials.gov, 2009-2024.

BMJ open quality·2026
Same author

Association Between Discrimination in Health Care and ASCVD Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the United States.

Circulation. Population health and outcomes·2026
Same author

Real-World Comparability of Antiresorptive Osteoporosis Treatment Groups Among Treatment-Naïve and Treatment-Experienced Women Ages 55 and Older in the United States.

Clinical epidemiology·2026
Same author

Methodological Challenges of Emulating a Target Trial to Assess Effectiveness of Timing of PCSK9 Inhibitor Treatment Initiation Post Myocardial Infarction.

Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety·2026
Same author

Can Contemporary Large Language Models Provide the Domain Knowledge Needed for Causal Inference? Evaluating Automated Causal Graph Discovery Through an ASCVD Case Study.

Clinical epidemiology·2025
Same author

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Incidence and Prevalence of Low Back Pain in the United States: A Systematic Review.

Arthritis care & research·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
13:20

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

1.3K

Counterpoint: the treatment decision design.

M Alan Brookhart

    American Journal of Epidemiology
    |October 29, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    The treatment decision design offers a flexible approach to studying medication effectiveness and safety in real-world patient scenarios. This method aids physicians and patients in making informed treatment choices by analyzing risks and benefits beyond initial drug use.

    Area of Science:

    • Pharmacoepidemiology
    • Clinical Trial Design
    • Health Services Research

    Background:

    • The standard new-user design in pharmacoepidemiology focuses on patients initiating new treatments.
    • Limitations exist in designs requiring observation to begin strictly at first exposure, as discussed by Vandenbroucke and Pearce.
    • Existing research often overlooks scenarios involving current or past medication users needing treatment adjustments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce and discuss the treatment decision design as a generalization of the new-user design.
    • To address pharmacoepidemiological questions beyond the initiation of therapy.
    • To provide clinically relevant evidence for treatment choices in ongoing patient care.

    Main Methods:

    • The treatment decision design identifies cohorts at the point of a treatment decision.
    Keywords:
    pharmacoepidemiologystudy design

    More Related Videos

    Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
    07:05

    Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

    Published on: September 10, 2018

    6.6K
    The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
    05:48

    The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

    Published on: June 12, 2020

    6.6K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 31, 2026

    Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance
    13:20

    Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

    Published on: December 5, 2025

    1.3K
    Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
    07:05

    Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

    Published on: September 10, 2018

    6.6K
    The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
    05:48

    The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

    Published on: June 12, 2020

    6.6K
  • Observation is anchored to critical decision points, such as laboratory result evaluations.
  • This approach allows for the study of treatment augmentation, switching, restarting, or discontinuation.

    • Main Results:

    • The proposed design offers a principled approach to evaluating relative risks and benefits of different treatment strategies.
    • It addresses scenarios where patients have prior or current medication use.
    • Estimates generated are directly applicable to clinical decision-making.

    Conclusions:

    • The treatment decision design enhances pharmacoepidemiological research by accommodating complex patient medication histories.
    • This methodology provides valuable insights for physicians and patients considering various therapeutic options.
    • It supports evidence-based practice by offering relevant data for ongoing treatment management.