The effect of alendronate on biomineralization at the bone/implant interface

A recent approach to improve the osseointegration of implants is to utilize local drug administration. The presence of an osteoporosis drug may influence both bone quantity and quality at the bone/implant interface. Despite this, the performance of bone-anchoring implants is traditionally evaluated only by quantitative measurements. In the present study, the osteoporosis drug alendronate (ALN) was administrated from mesoporous titania thin films that were coated onto titanium implants. The effect that the drug had on biomineralization was explored both in vitro using simulated body fluid (SBF) and in vivo in a rat tibia model. The SBF study showed that the apatite formation was completely hindered at a high concentration of ALN (0.1 mg/mL). However, when ALN was administrated from the mesoporous coating the surface became completely covered with apatite. Ex vivo characterization of the bone/implant interface using Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that the presence of ALN enhanced the bone mineralization, and that the chemical signature of newly formed bone in the presence of ALN had a higher resemblance to the pre-existing mature bone than to the bone formed without drug. Taken together, this study demonstrates the importance of evaluating the quality of the formed bone to better understand the performance of implants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 104A: 620-629, 2016.