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Related Concept Videos

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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A model for transcription-dependent R-loop formation at double-stranded DNA breaks: Implications for their detection and biological effects.

Journal of theoretical biology·2024
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Evelyn M. Witkin (1921-2023).

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Unbalanced Growth, the DNA Replication Cycle and Discovery of Repair Replication.

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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Author Spotlight: Combining Proximity Ligand Assay with Gamma-H2AX Staining to Characterize Protein Interactions in DNA Damage Response
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Author Spotlight: Combining Proximity Ligand Assay with Gamma-H2AX Staining to Characterize Protein Interactions in DNA Damage Response

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Historical perspective on the DNA damage response.

Philip C Hanawalt1

  • 1Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA.

DNA Repair
|October 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The genomic stress response (GSR) encompasses DNA repair pathways beyond the traditional DNA damage response (DDR). It addresses replication stress from various aberrations, not just DNA lesions, impacting cell survival.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The DNA damage response (DDR) traditionally focuses on sensing and repairing DNA lesions.
Keywords:
ATMATRDNA damage responseDNA repairGenomic stress responseSOS response

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  • Eukaryotic DDR often specifically involves ATM and ATR kinases, responding to double-strand breaks or stalled replication forks.
  • However, other cellular aberrations can also trigger DDR-like responses.