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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Update on menopausal hormone therapy.

Tugba Altun Ensari1, Lubna Pal

  • 1aDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey bDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|October 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopause management has shifted from rigid guidelines to personalized care. Focus is now on individual patient needs, symptom burden, and unique risks for aging women.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Women's Health
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Menopause management has evolved significantly over the last decade.
  • Previous dogmas have been challenged, and new hypotheses have emerged.
  • This review is pertinent to clinical practice in 2015.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a timely review of current menopause management.
  • To reflect the shift towards patient-centered and individualized approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in menopause management.
  • Analysis of evolving clinical perspectives and patient-centered care models.

Main Results:

  • The field has moved beyond absolute treatment protocols.
  • Current approaches emphasize patient individuality and centeredness.
  • A personalized perspective is now paramount in clinical decision-making.

Conclusions:

  • Tailoring menopause management to individual patient needs is essential.
  • Consideration of unique symptom burden and risks for each woman is crucial.
  • The focus is on individualized care for aging women.