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Related Concept Videos

Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Oogenesis01:22

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Oogenesis,  the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Folliculogenesis01:20

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Folliculogenesis is the development of ovarian follicles, the specialized structures within the ovarian cortex where oogenesis, or egg development, occurs. This process is essential for female reproductive health and begins during fetal development when primordial follicles are formed. Each primordial follicle comprises a primary oocyte in the center, surrounded by a single layer of squamous pre-granulosa cells. These follicles remain dormant in late prophase I of meiosis until triggered by...
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Z-Scores for Assessing Ovarian Reserve in Young Patients Undergoing Fertility Preservation
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Update on primary ovarian insufficiency.

Meghan Hewlett1, Shruthi Mahalingaiah

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston Medical Center and Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|October 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) management is improving. Standard treatment with estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate effectively restores bone density, while other therapies require further research.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Women's Health
  • Metabolic Bone Disease

Background:

  • Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) affects 1% of women under 40.
  • POI's varied causes and presentations complicate standardized treatment.
  • Current management strategies are evolving with new research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current mainstays of POI treatment.
  • To explore novel management approaches and therapeutic interventions.
  • To provide insight into emerging research for POI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trials and scientific literature on POI.
  • Analysis of hormone replacement therapy regimens.
  • Evaluation of alternative and complementary therapies for POI.

Main Results:

  • Transdermal estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate effectively restore bone mineral density in women with POI.
  • Compounded bioidentical hormones and androgen supplementation are not recommended for POI treatment.
  • Bone turnover markers may aid in monitoring bone mineral density.
  • Alternative therapies like acupuncture and DHEA show potential but need more research.

Conclusions:

  • Recent advancements offer promise for improved POI management.
  • Reducing the risk of long-term POI sequelae is a key focus.
  • Further evidence-based research is crucial for establishing best practices in POI care.