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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone health after menopause.

Jane A Cauley1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|October 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Simple tools can identify women needing bone mineral density (BMD) testing for osteoporosis. Midlife women with low vitamin D levels face higher fracture risks, warranting supplementation and further research beyond BMD.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Gerontology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Menopause significantly impacts bone health, increasing osteoporosis risk.
  • Bone mineral density (BMD) is a key indicator, but novel risk factors are emerging.
  • Understanding bone health during the menopausal transition is crucial for fracture prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent publications (January 2014-June 2015) on bone health and menopause.
  • To synthesize current findings on osteoporosis risk assessment and management in midlife women.
  • To highlight emerging research trends in osteoporotic fracture prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of peer-reviewed literature.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on osteoporosis risk factors in women aged 50-64.
  • Evaluation of research on bone mineral density (BMD) testing and alternative assessment tools.

Main Results:

  • Simple tools (e.g., age/weight-based osteoporosis self-assessment) can identify women for BMD testing.
  • Low socioeconomic status is a novel risk factor for hip fracture in non-Caucasian women.
  • Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<20 ng/ml) increases fracture risk; supplementation is recommended.
  • Wrist fractures are common in women 50-64; subsequent fracture risk necessitates BMD scans.
  • Research is shifting beyond BMD to include composite measures of femoral neck strength.

Conclusions:

  • Recent research enhances understanding of osteoporosis during the menopausal transition.
  • Novel risk factors and assessment tools are improving osteoporosis identification.
  • Further research is needed to move beyond BMD and comprehensively assess fracture risk.