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Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulated mRNA Transport

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...

Regulated mRNA Transport

Regulated mRNA Transport

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

Translation regulation by ribosomes: Increased complexity and expanded scope.

Vincent P Mauro^1,2, Daiki Matsuda²

¹a Promosome, LLC , San Diego , CA , USA.

|October 30, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ribosomes regulate mRNA translation efficiency through a "ribosome filter" mechanism. Specific interactions between messenger RNAs and ribosomal components, like the Hepatitis C Virus IRES and 18S rRNA, are crucial for this regulation.

Keywords:

Filter HCV Hepatitis C Virus IRES internal ribosome entry site regulation ribosome translation

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Last Updated: Mar 31, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

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Published on: April 30, 2014

Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

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Published on: May 17, 2014

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Published on: September 27, 2015

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Virology
Genetics

Background:

Ribosomes traditionally viewed as passive mRNA decoders.
Emerging evidence suggests ribosomes actively regulate translation efficiency.
Ribosome heterogeneity may modulate these regulatory effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the ribosome filter hypothesis.
To explore how specific mRNA-ribosome interactions influence translation.
To examine the role of Hepatitis C Virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in this process.

Main Methods:

Analysis of mRNA-ribosome binding interactions.
Investigating the functional significance of base-pairing between HCV IRES and 18S rRNA.
Studying complex ribosomal interactions in translation.

Main Results:

Ribosomes can modulate the translation efficiency of different mRNAs.
The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) requires base-pairing with 18S rRNA for function.
This IRES-rRNA interaction is dependent on more complex ribosomal interactions, supporting the ribosome filter hypothesis.

Conclusions:

Ribosomes possess regulatory capabilities beyond simple translation.
The HCV IRES exemplifies a ribosome filter mechanism involving multiple mRNA-ribosome binding sites.
Specific RNA-rRNA and RNA-protein interactions within the ribosome are key to selective mRNA translation.