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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Immunomodulation: checkpoint blockade etc.

William T Curry1, Michael Lim1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (M.L.).

Neuro-Oncology
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Checkpoint inhibitors show promise in cancer treatment by modulating immune responses. This review covers their use, biomarkers, and toxicity management in glioblastoma.

Keywords:
biomarkercheckpoint blockadeclinical trialglioblastomaimmunotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • The tumor immune microenvironment often suppresses anti-tumor immune responses.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a therapeutic strategy to overcome this suppression.
  • Approved ICIs like anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies have demonstrated clinical efficacy in various cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitors in glioblastoma.
  • To discuss strategies for identifying predictive biomarkers for ICI therapy.
  • To outline the management of toxicities associated with ICI treatment in glioblastoma.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on checkpoint inhibitors in glioblastoma.
  • Analysis of current biomarker approaches for predicting ICI response.
  • Synthesis of guidelines and expert opinions on managing ICI-related toxicities.

Main Results:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors offer a potential therapeutic avenue for glioblastoma, despite challenges.
  • Biomarker strategies are crucial for patient selection and optimizing treatment efficacy.
  • Understanding and managing immune-related adverse events is essential for safe clinical application.

Conclusions:

  • Checkpoint inhibitors represent a significant advancement in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Further research into biomarkers and toxicity management is needed to maximize the benefit of ICIs in glioblastoma.