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Related Concept Videos

One-Compartment Model: IV Infusion01:09

One-Compartment Model: IV Infusion

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Intravenous (IV) infusion is often utilized when continuous and controlled drug delivery is necessary, such as during surgery or in the treatment of chronic diseases. This method offers numerous advantages, including immediate drug action, precise control over dosage, and bypassing the first-pass metabolism.
The one-compartment model for IV infusion uses mathematical equations to describe the rate of change in drug quantity in the body. At steady-state or infusion equilibrium, the drug input...
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Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions01:24

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Intermittent IV Infusions

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Intermittent intravenous (IV) infusion is a method of drug administration where medications are delivered over short infusion periods followed by intervals of no drug delivery. This approach helps to prevent sustained high drug concentrations in the bloodstream, reducing the risk of adverse effects associated with prolonged exposure. Unlike continuous infusion, steady-state concentrations may not be achieved during a single dosing cycle but can be reached through repeated...
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Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion01:15

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Infusion

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A two-compartment model is a vital tool in pharmacokinetics, providing an essential understanding of drug behavior, especially for those administered via zero-order intravenous infusion. This model outlines two compartments: the central compartment, where elimination occurs, and the peripheral compartment.
The model illustrates the decrease in plasma drug concentration from the central compartment with a specific equation. It shows that under steady-state conditions, the drug's input rate...
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IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods01:28

IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods

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The development of extended-release formulations has facilitated the transition from intravenous to oral medication, offering a more convenient and patient-friendly approach to drug administration. This transition, however, requires careful management to ensure that therapeutic drug levels are maintained, preserving efficacy and avoiding adverse effects. Understanding pharmacokinetic principles and dosage calculations is critical during this process.Pharmacokinetics of the...
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Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations01:15

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Steady-State, Minimum and Maximum Concentrations

327
Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...
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Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I01:22

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed I

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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice
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Target-Controlled Infusion: A Mature Technology.

Anthony R Absalom1, John Iain B Glen, Gerrit J C Zwart

  • 1From the *Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; †Glen Pharma, Knutsford, Cheshire, United Kingdom; ‡Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Rescue and Pain Medicine, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; §Faculty of Medicine, Anesthesiology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland; and ∥Department of Anesthesia, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.

Anesthesia and Analgesia
|October 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Target-controlled infusions (TCIs) are widely used globally for anesthesia, but remain unapproved in the US. Research software enables TCI use in US studies, offering flexibility despite lack of regulatory approval.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Target-controlled infusions (TCIs) have been utilized in clinical practice and research for over two decades.
  • Numerous peer-reviewed studies, numbering almost 600, have employed non-approved TCI software systems.
  • First-generation TCI pumps were approved in 1996, with second-generation pumps approved in 2003. Global sales exceed 61,000 units.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the global status and application of Target-controlled infusion (TCI) systems.
  • To highlight the continued reliance on non-approved TCI software in research settings.
  • To address the regulatory status of TCI devices, particularly in the United States.

Main Methods:

  • Review of global TCI system availability and regulatory approval status.
  • Analysis of the historical use and sales data of TCI pumps.
  • Examination of the role and advantages of non-approved TCI software in research.

Main Results:

  • TCI systems are approved or available in at least 96 countries, administering propofol and opioids to millions annually.
  • Non-approved TCI software is prevalent in research, offering greater flexibility and data integration.
  • TCI devices lack regulatory approval in the United States, limiting clinical use to IRB-approved research.

Conclusions:

  • Target-controlled infusions are an established global practice for anesthesia and sedation.
  • Non-approved TCI software remains crucial for research due to its flexibility and integration capabilities.
  • The absence of US regulatory approval for TCI devices restricts their use to research settings within the country.