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Tissue Transplantation

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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse

Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse

Published on: February 12, 2016

Transient mixed chimerism for allograft tolerance.

Tetsu Oura¹, Kiyohiko Hotta¹, A B Cosimi¹

¹a Department of Surgery , Center for Transplantation Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.

|October 31, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mixed chimerism can induce kidney and lung transplant tolerance in humans. This approach avoids graft-versus-host disease and relies on peripheral regulation for long-term maintenance.

Keywords:

ATG Donor BMT; Freemartin cattle; full chimerism GVHD HLA-match HLA-mismatch NHP TBI TI TLI TMEM combined Kidney/BMT mixed chimerism multilineage chimerism neonatal tolerance nonmyeloablative operational tolerance persistent (durable) mixed chimerism transient mixed chimerism

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Transplantation Science

Background:

Mixed chimerism, first observed in Freemartin cattle, has been a focus for inducing immune tolerance.
Research has explored mixed chimerism for allograft tolerance, with success in murine models but challenges in MHC-mismatched humans.

Observation:

Induction of persistent mixed chimerism in humans is difficult, often leading to chimerism loss or full donor conversion.
Studies in non-human primates (NHPs) and humans show renal allograft tolerance is achievable via transient mixed chimerism.

Findings:

Solid organ allograft tolerance through transient mixed chimerism requires multilineage hematologic chimerism.
Long-term maintenance relies on peripheral regulatory mechanisms, not thymic deletion.
Tolerance is organ-specific, feasible for kidney and lung but not heart allografts.

Implications:

Transient mixed chimerism offers a strategy for allograft tolerance, excluding the risk of graft-versus-host disease.
Ongoing research aims to improve consistency, reduce conditioning morbidity, use available agents like Belatacept, and extend to deceased donor allografts.