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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus
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[Vaccination in the early post-partum: Guidelines].

M Doret1, L Marcellin2

  • 1Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, 69677 Bron cedex, France; Faculté de médecine et de maïeutique Charles-Mérieux-Lyon-Sud, université Lyon 1, 69921 Oullins cedex, France.

Journal De Gynecologie, Obstetrique Et Biologie De La Reproduction
|November 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Postpartum vaccination guidelines recommend diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-poliomyelitis (DTaP-IPV) vaccine for unvaccinated mothers. Influenza and MMR vaccines are also advised based on specific risk factors for mother and neonate.

Keywords:
CoquelucheGrippeInfluenzaPertussisPost-partumRubellaRubéoleVaccinationVaricellaVaricelle

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Public Health
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology

Background:

  • Postpartum period presents a critical window for maternal vaccination to protect both mother and infant.
  • Ensuring adequate immunity against vaccine-preventable diseases is crucial for maternal and child health.
  • Existing guidelines require updates to address pertussis, influenza, varicella, and rubella vaccination in early postpartum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for postpartum vaccination.
  • To provide recommendations for pertussis, influenza, varicella, and rubella immunization in the early postpartum period.
  • To optimize maternal and infant protection against key infectious diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review using PubMed and Cochrane databases.
  • Analysis of national immunization guidelines and their cited references.
  • Synthesis of evidence and expert consensus for guideline formulation.

Main Results:

  • DTaP-IPV vaccination recommended for mothers unvaccinated in the last 10 years; cocooning strategy advised for family and friends.
  • Influenza vaccine offered to unvaccinated mothers delivering vulnerable neonates during epidemic season; case-by-case discussion for others.
  • Varicella vaccination screening and vaccination suggested for specific populations (e.g., from Sub-Saharan Africa) and for adult prevention; evidence for routine screening is weak.
  • Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine recommended for postpartum women with negative rubella serology during pregnancy.
  • Pregnancy avoidance for one month post-rubella/varicella vaccination; breastfeeding and other medical interventions do not contraindicate vaccination.

Conclusions:

  • Postpartum vaccination is a key strategy for preventing infectious diseases in mothers and infants.
  • Guidelines emphasize timely DTaP-IPV, influenza, and MMR vaccination based on individual risk and disease prevalence.
  • Recommendations address varicella vaccination with consideration for specific risk groups and serostatus.
  • Contraception is not mandatory after MMR/varicella vaccination, but pregnancy avoidance for one month is advised.