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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
Published on: February 23, 2014
Corynebacterium diphtheriae infections currently and in the past
1Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
Abstract:
Along with the introduction of common obligatory vaccinations against diphtheria, the disease has been limited in developed countries. However, diphtheria is still endemic in developing countries. Due to a growing popularity of visiting these countries, there is a risk of importation of the disease to Europe. Studies revealed that over 60% of persons aged >40 years in the Polish population do not have a protective level of antibodies against diphtheria. Furthermore, an access to diphtheria antitoxin, which is essential in diphtheria treatment, is now hardly accessible in Europe. On the other hand, in many countries, including Poland, new infections caused by non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been emerged. Such infections are frequently manifested by bacteraemia and endocarditis with a high fatality rate, amounting even to 41%.
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Acute Pharyngitis
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Chronic Pharyngitis
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions