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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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TGF-β Signaling in Stem Cell Regulation.

Wenlin Li1, Wanguo Wei2, Sheng Ding3

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is vital for stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Modulating TGF-β pathways enhances somatic cell reprogramming and neural induction from human pluripotent stem cells.

Keywords:
Neural inductionPluripotent stem cellsReprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Cell signaling

Background:

  • The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, including TGF-β, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), and activin/nodal, comprises critical morphogens in embryonic development.
  • TGF-β signaling is indispensable for maintaining the pluripotency of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), encompassing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs).
  • Modulation of TGF-β signaling can direct lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce methods for modulating somatic cell reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • To present techniques for neural induction from hPSCs.
  • To highlight the role of chemical modulation of TGF-β signaling in these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing chemical approaches to modulate TGF-β signaling.
  • Investigating the impact of TGF-β pathway modulation on somatic cell reprogramming.
  • Applying TGF-β modulation strategies for neural induction from hPSCs.

Main Results:

  • TGF-β signaling negatively regulates the reprogramming of somatic cells into iPSCs.
  • Inhibition of TGF-β signaling enhances reprogramming efficiency by promoting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET).
  • Chemical modulation of TGF-β signaling facilitates neural induction from hPSCs.

Conclusions:

  • TGF-β signaling plays a critical role in regulating stem cell pluripotency, reprogramming, and differentiation.
  • Chemical modulation of TGF-β pathways offers a viable strategy for enhancing iPSC generation and directing neural differentiation.
  • Targeting TGF-β signaling provides a powerful tool for stem cell manipulation in regenerative medicine and developmental studies.