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The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
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Crosstalk between stem cell and cell cycle machineries.

Michael S Kareta1, Julien Sage2, Marius Wernig3

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|November 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pluripotent stem cells, like embryonic stem cells, possess unique cell cycles. This review explores how cell cycle regulation and pluripotency are linked, preventing differentiation and enabling reprogramming.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Cell Cycle Regulation
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are characterized by self-renewal and pluripotency.
  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) exemplify PSCs with a distinct, rapid cell cycle and short G1 phase.
  • Somatic cells exhibit a different cell cycle regulation compared to PSCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanistic link between pluripotency and cell cycle regulation.
  • To discuss how this co-regulation prevents cellular differentiation.
  • To explore the re-establishment of unique cell cycle regulation in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on stem cell pluripotency.
  • Analysis of cell cycle regulatory mechanisms in PSCs versus somatic cells.
  • Examination of reprogramming techniques and their impact on cell cycle dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Pluripotency and cell cycle regulation are reciprocally co-regulated.
  • This co-regulation is crucial for maintaining the undifferentiated state and preventing differentiation.
  • Cellular reprogramming can restore the characteristic rapid cell cycle of PSCs in iPSCs.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between pluripotency and cell cycle control is fundamental to stem cell biology.
  • Understanding this relationship offers insights into maintaining pluripotency and controlling differentiation.
  • Targeting cell cycle regulation may be key for efficient iPSC generation and therapeutic applications.