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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

13.7K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

5.2K
Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
5.2K
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

3.9K
Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
3.9K
Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

5.1K
Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
5.1K
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

9.2K
Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Assessment of Submitochondrial Protein Localization in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Assessment of Submitochondrial Protein Localization in Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Mitochondrial Proteins Moonlighting in the Nucleus.

Richard M Monaghan1, Alan J Whitmarsh1

  • 1Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.

Trends in Biochemical Sciences
|November 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Mitochondria, the cell

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Molecular Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondria are essential cellular powerhouses, crucial for energy production that drives biological functions.
  • Cellular responses to mitochondrial activity and dysfunction impact cell survival, growth, proliferation, and differentiation.
  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in various diseases, highlighting the need to understand cellular signaling pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the mechanisms governing the dual localization of proteins in both mitochondria and the nucleus.
  • To investigate the role of nuclear-translocated mitochondrial proteins as signaling molecules.
  • To propose a novel regulatory circuit involving nuclear-localized mitochondrial proteins for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
UPR(mt)homeostasismitochondriamoonlightingreactive oxygen speciesretrograde signalling

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Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

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  • Review of existing literature on mitochondrial protein targeting and nuclear translocation.
  • Analysis of known mechanisms controlling dual protein localization.
  • Discussion of experimental evidence supporting the nuclear role of mitochondrial proteins.

Main Results:

  • Several proteins with mitochondrial-targeting sequences (MTS) are also found in the nucleus.
  • Nuclear translocation of mitochondrial proteins serves as a signaling pathway for mitochondria.
  • These 'nuclear moonlighter' proteins are increasingly recognized for their regulatory roles.

Conclusions:

  • The dual localization of proteins in mitochondria and the nucleus is a regulated process.
  • Nuclear mitochondrial proteins act as a critical circuit for communicating mitochondrial status to the cell.
  • This signaling pathway is vital for maintaining overall mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular health.