Submaximal Exercise-Based Equations to Predict Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Area of Science:

• Exercise Physiology
• Gerontology
• Biometrics

Background:

• Accurate assessment of maximal oxygen uptake (V˙o2max) is crucial for evaluating cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults.
• Submaximal exercise tests offer a practical alternative to maximal testing, but their predictive accuracy requires careful evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically evaluate and discuss the accuracy of various submaximal exercise-based equations for predicting V˙o2max in apparently healthy older adults.
• To compare the performance of different prediction equations and ergometry modes.

Main Methods:

• A systematic literature search was conducted across 5 electronic databases up to April 2015.
• Included studies used submaximal variables to predict V˙o2max, directly measured V˙o2max via gas analysis, and involved healthy older adults (mean age ≥65 years).
• Data from 9 articles and 13 distinct prediction equations were analyzed, prioritizing the most accurate trial if an equation was used multiple times.

Main Results:

• Submaximal exercise equations demonstrated moderate to strong correlations (r range: 0.4–0.9) with directly measured V˙o2max.
• Two out of 13 equations showed significant differences between predicted and measured V˙o2max.
• Stepping protocols yielded the most accurate predictions (R²=0.9, no significant difference).

Conclusions:

• Submaximal exercise equations provide a viable method for estimating V˙o2max in older adults.
• The accuracy of prediction is influenced by the chosen equation, ergometry mode, and population characteristics.
• Considerations for selecting an equation include accuracy, population specificity, ergometry type, equipment, and time commitment.