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Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

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Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
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Elastic fiber contains the protein elastin along with lesser amounts of other proteins and glycoproteins. The main property of elastin is that it will return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. Elastic fibers are prominent in elastic tissues found in skin and the elastic ligaments of the vertebral column.
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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Stereo-Imaging System DLT Calibration to Capture 3D In Situ Displacements of Stretched Peripheral Nerves
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What Protects Certain Nerves from Stretch Injury?

Nicholas B Schraut1, Sharon Walton1, Jad Bou Monsef1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
|November 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The tibial nerve is more resistant to stretch injury than the peroneal nerve due to its unique histological features. These include more fascicles and a more robust epineurium, offering better nerve protection.

Keywords:
cadaver studyhistologyjoint arthroplastynervestretch

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Anatomy
  • Histology

Background:

  • The tibial nerve is less susceptible to injury during joint arthroplasty compared to the peroneal nerve.
  • Anatomical distribution alone may not explain this difference in injury proneness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the histological differences in size, shape, and connective tissue distribution between the tibial and peroneal nerves.
  • To understand how these features contribute to nerve protection against stretch injury.

Main Methods:

  • Human cadaver tibial and peroneal nerves were harvested mid-thigh.
  • Segments were stretched (20-25%) or maintained at natural length and fixed.
  • Paraffin sections were stained for connective tissue and examined via light microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Tibial nerves possessed twice the number of fascicles compared to peroneal nerves, with similar axonal content.
  • Stretched tibial nerve fascicles became more oval, unlike peroneal nerve fascicles.
  • Tibial nerves had a higher proportion of epineurial (extrafascicular) adipose tissue (50-55%) than peroneal nerves (38-42%).

Conclusions:

  • Tibial nerves exhibit distinct histological characteristics, including more fascicles and a more substantial epineurium, which likely provide protection against stretch-induced injury.
  • The tightly bound perineurium and robust epineurium of the tibial nerve are suggested as key protective factors.
  • Further mechanical studies are recommended to elucidate the role of nerve size and shape in neurapraxia and protection.