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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

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Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating...
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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

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Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase,...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
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Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
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Targeting Dopaminergic System for Treating Nicotine Dependence.

Sawsan Abuhamdah, Ashraf Khalil, Youssef Sari1

  • 1University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. youssef.sari@utoledo.edu.

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Developing new medications to aid smoking cessation is crucial. Targeting the brain

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Smoking remains a leading cause of preventable death globally.
  • Cigarette smoking is linked to severe health issues like heart disease, stroke, and various cancers.
  • Nicotine addiction and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors in tobacco complicate smoking cessation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel pharmacological treatments for nicotine dependence.
  • To highlight the importance of developing safe and effective smoking cessation medications.
  • To address the public health priority of reducing smoking-related mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on pharmacological interventions for nicotine dependence.
  • Focus on treatments targeting dopaminergic neurotransmission.
  • Analysis of therapies involving dopamine transporter blockade and MAO inhibition.

Main Results:

  • The mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic pathways are implicated in nicotine addiction.
  • Dopaminergic systems represent a viable target for treating nicotine dependence.
  • Blockade of dopamine transporters and MAO inhibition show potential as pharmacotherapies.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacological treatments targeting dopaminergic neurotransmission offer new avenues for smoking cessation.
  • Dopamine transporter blockade and MAO inhibition are promising therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into these targets could lead to more effective smoking cessation aids.