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Coevolutionary dynamics between tribe Cercopithecini tetherins and their lentiviruses.

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The study reveals that primate lentiviruses (PLVs) and their hosts, like Cercopithecini monkeys, engage in an evolutionary arms race. This co-evolutionary dynamic influences viral pathogenicity, impacting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a primate lentivirus (PLV), causes AIDS in humans, but most PLVs are not pathogenic in monkeys.
  • The co-evolutionary process between PLVs and their hosts is linked to viral pathogenicity, making virus-host co-evolution a key research area.
  • Intrinsic antiviral proteins, such as tetherin, and viral antagonists are crucial in the interplay between viruses and their hosts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the co-evolutionary interplay between Cercopithecini tetherin and viral antagonists (Nef and Vpu) using an experimental-phylogenetic approach.
  • To understand the evolutionary history and functional interactions shaping primate lentivirus pathogenicity.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental-phylogenetic analysis of tribe Cercopithecini tetherin and viral antagonists.
  • Reconstruction of ancestral sequences for tribe Cercopithecini tetherin.
  • Functional assays to assess the antagonistic capabilities of Nef proteins against ancestral tetherin.

Main Results:

  • Tribe Cercopithecini tetherins exhibit positive selection, potentially driven by ancient Nef-like factors.
  • Ancestral sequences of Cercopithecini tetherin were reconstructed.
  • All tested Nef proteins demonstrated the ability to antagonize ancestral Cercopithecini tetherin.

Conclusions:

  • An evolutionary arms race exists between Cercopithecini monkeys and their associated PLVs.
  • The interplay between tetherin and viral antagonists like Nef is a significant factor in shaping PLV pathogenicity and host adaptation.