Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Response to letter to editor on: Stabilisation of AO OTA 31-A unstable proximal femoral fractures: Does the choice of intramedullary nail affect the incidence of post-operative complications? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Injury·2025
Same author

Survey of New Zealand consumer attitudes to consumption of meat and meat alternatives.

Meat science·2023
Same author

International development of a patient-centered core outcome set for assessing health-related quality of life in metastatic breast cancer patients.

Breast cancer research and treatment·2023
Same author

Exploring Ductility in Dental Ceramics.

Journal of dental research·2022
Same author

Stabilisation of AO OTA 31-A unstable proximal femoral fractures: Does the choice of intramedullary nail affect the incidence of post-operative complications? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Injury·2022
Same author

Priority recommendations for the implementation of patient-reported outcomes in clinical cancer care: a Delphi study.

Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Creation of a Knee Joint-on-a-Chip for Modeling Joint Diseases and Testing Drugs
12:44

Creation of a Knee Joint-on-a-Chip for Modeling Joint Diseases and Testing Drugs

Published on: January 27, 2023

4.7K

Excess BMP Signaling in Heterotopic Cartilage Forming in Prg4-null TMJ Discs.

T E Bechtold1, C Saunders2, C Mundy2

  • 1Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopaedics, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.

Journal of Dental Research
|November 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Absence of proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) causes spontaneous ectopic cartilage formation in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs. This involves abnormal bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, suggesting BMP pathway as a therapeutic target for TMJ disease.

Keywords:
TMJ disorderarticular discectopic cartilagejoint lubricationlubricintemporomandibular joint

More Related Videos

Development and Evaluation of a Rat Model of Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects
04:34

Development and Evaluation of a Rat Model of Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects

Published on: May 19, 2023

2.5K
Tricolor Transgenic Murine Model for Studying Growth Plate Injury
07:58

Tricolor Transgenic Murine Model for Studying Growth Plate Injury

Published on: September 6, 2024

1.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Creation of a Knee Joint-on-a-Chip for Modeling Joint Diseases and Testing Drugs
12:44

Creation of a Knee Joint-on-a-Chip for Modeling Joint Diseases and Testing Drugs

Published on: January 27, 2023

4.7K
Development and Evaluation of a Rat Model of Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects
04:34

Development and Evaluation of a Rat Model of Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects

Published on: May 19, 2023

2.5K
Tricolor Transgenic Murine Model for Studying Growth Plate Injury
07:58

Tricolor Transgenic Murine Model for Studying Growth Plate Injury

Published on: September 6, 2024

1.3K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Heterotopic cartilage formation in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a pathological condition with unclear molecular underpinnings.
  • A lack of reliable animal models hinders the study of TMJ diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) in TMJ disc integrity and spontaneous ectopic cartilage formation.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms, including bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, involved in Prg4-deficient TMJ pathology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) mutant mice as a model for TMJ disease.
  • Analyzed chondrocyte differentiation, cartilage matrix gene expression (Sox9, aggrecan, type II collagen), and hypertrophic markers (Runx2, ColX).
  • Assessed bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway activation via Western blotting and gene expression analysis; conducted in vitro chondrogenesis assays with BMP-2 stimulation and BMP receptor inhibition.

Main Results:

  • Prg4 mutant TMJ discs spontaneously exhibited chondrocyte transdifferentiation and ectopic cartilage formation by 6 months of age.
  • Cartilage formation progressed to mineralization by 12 months, with activation of BMP signaling pathways.
  • Mutant disc cells showed enhanced chondrogenesis in response to BMP-2, which was attenuated by BMP receptor inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Proteoglycan 4 (Prg4) is essential for maintaining TMJ disc integrity and function.
  • Prg4 deficiency leads to spontaneous ectopic chondrogenesis and cartilage formation, mediated by aberrant BMP signaling.
  • The BMP signaling pathway represents a potential therapeutic target for preventing or inhibiting ectopic cartilage formation in TMJ disorders.