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Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
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Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

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[Valproate can induce reversible encephalopathy].

Sivagini Prakash, Thomas Harbo, Jakob Christensen

    Ugeskrift for Laeger
    |November 5, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Valproate (VPA) can cause serious encephalopathy in elderly patients, leading to severe neurological symptoms. Discontinuation of VPA can reverse these effects, highlighting the need for careful monitoring.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Valproate (VPA) is a common antiepileptic medication.
    • Its use in the elderly population is prevalent.

    Observation:

    • An elderly female patient on long-term VPA treatment developed tremor, rigidity, cognitive decline, and coma.
    • Symptoms progressed over time.

    Findings:

    • Discontinuation of VPA led to complete recovery of consciousness and neurological function.
    • Extrapyramidal and cognitive symptoms resolved within months.

    Implications:

    • Valproate-induced encephalopathy is a rare but critical adverse effect.
    • Clinicians should consider VPA-induced encephalopathy in elderly patients experiencing cognitive decline during treatment.