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Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Induction and Validation of Cellular Senescence in Primary Human Cells
Published on: June 20, 2018
Lena Smirnova1, Georgina Harris1, Marcel Leist2
1Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA;
Cellular resilience, the ability to cope with toxicant exposure, is key. Cells may not return to normal after stress, developing resistance or long-term changes that can lead to disease.
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