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Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: An update.
1Professor of Neurology, KS Hegde Medical Academy, Nitte University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
Recent advances expand the understanding of neuromyelitis optica spectrum of disorders (NMOSD). New biomarkers and clinical features, including MOG-Ab associated NMOSD, are highlighted.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Immunology
- Neuroimmunology
Background:
- Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) understanding has evolved significantly.
- Diagnostic criteria for NMOSD have undergone revisions.
- The disease spectrum now includes extraspinal and extra-optic nerve involvement.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an update on recent advancements in NMOSD.
- To highlight evolving clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria.
- To discuss novel biomarkers and imaging characteristics.
Main Methods:
- Review of recent scientific literature on NMOSD.
- Analysis of updated diagnostic criteria and clinical findings.
- Examination of novel biomarker research and MRI characteristics.
Main Results:
- NMOSD understanding has expanded beyond the spinal cord and optic nerves.
- Coexistence with other autoimmune diseases and non-neurological manifestations are recognized.
- Myelin-associated oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) associated NMOSD may present with a milder course.
Conclusions:
- NMOSD is a complex disorder with a broadening clinical and immunological profile.
- Novel biomarkers, including MOG-Ab, offer new diagnostic and prognostic insights.
- Updated understanding aids in comprehensive patient management and future research directions.
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