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Related Concept Videos

Action Potentials01:41

Action Potentials

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Overview
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Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles01:24

Generation of Action Potential in Skeletal Muscles

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Every cell in the body maintains a membrane potential due to an uneven distribution of positive and negative charges across its plasma membrane. The membrane potential is measured in millivolts and quantifies the difference in charge across the membrane.
Like neurons, muscle cells are also regarded as excitable due to their capacity to change in response to stimuli, primarily due to voltage-gated ion channels embedded in their plasma membranes, which get activated by alterations in the...
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Action Potential01:14

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
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Action Potential01:14

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Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
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Propagation of Action Potentials01:23

Propagation of Action Potentials

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The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...
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Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation01:28

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The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct phases, each with specific characteristics.
Resting Phase:
In this phase, the cell's membrane is at its resting potential, typically around -70 millivolts (mV) for neurons. Inside the cell, there is a higher concentration of potassium ions (K+) and a lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+). Voltage-gated sodium channels are closed, and...
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Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
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A physical action potential generator: design, implementation and evaluation.

Malcolm A Latorre1, Adrian D C Chan2, Karin Wårdell1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Linköping University Linköping, Sweden.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|November 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel physical action potential generator (Paxon) creates stable, programmable nerve signals. This device offers a new platform for validating medical surface electrodes and associated systems.

Keywords:
action potentialbiomedical electrodeelectronic nerve modelnodes of Ranvierulnar nerve

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Medical Device Technology

Background:

  • Generating realistic action potentials is crucial for testing neural interfaces.
  • Existing methods may lack stability, repeatability, or programmability.
  • A need exists for a reliable physical simulation of action potentials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a physical action potential generator (Paxon).
  • To achieve stable, repeatable, and programmable physiological-like action potentials.
  • To create a validation platform for medical surface electrodes.

Main Methods:

  • Mimicked 40 nodes of Ranvier using resin-embedded gold wires.
  • Utilized software control and a start trigger for action potential initiation.
  • Employed a second-order mathematical equation for tunable parameters (1-40 nodes, 0-2.8 V).
  • Coupled clinically used Ag-AgCl electrodes for functional testing.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a system noise floor of 0.07 ± 0.01 μV over 50 runs.
  • Recorded a peak positive amplitude of 1.5 ± 0.05 mV with a gain of 40x.
  • Demonstrated tunable action potential parameters for physiologically relevant output.
  • Confirmed the Paxon's ability to generate programmable, action potential-like signals.

Conclusions:

  • The Paxon successfully generates stable, repeatable, and programmable action potential-like signals.
  • The device's tunable parameters allow for physiologically relevant output.
  • The Paxon serves as a potential validation test platform for medical surface electrodes and systems.