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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Development During Adolescence01:18

Cognitive Development During Adolescence

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During adolescence, individuals experience significant cognitive development that enhances their understanding of others' emotions and thoughts, known as cognitive empathy. This period is marked by an increased ability to adapt to others' perspectives and a more nuanced understanding of others' mental states, a skill that is foundational for social problem-solving and conflict avoidance. The development of cognitive empathy relies heavily on the theory of mind — the...
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
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Longitudinal maturation of auditory cortical function during adolescence.

Ahren B Fitzroy1, Jennifer Krizman1, Adam Tierney1

  • 1Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University Evanston, IL, USA ; Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Northwestern University Evanston, IL, USA.

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|November 6, 2015
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Summary

Cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) maturation continues through adolescence. This longitudinal study found changes in latency, amplitude, and reduced variability in adolescent auditory system development.

Keywords:
CAEPadolescenceauditorycorticaldevelopmentelectrophysiologylongitudinalvariability

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Auditory Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cross-sectional studies suggest cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) amplitude and latency mature through adolescence.
  • Longitudinal data on CAEP maturation during adolescence is lacking.
  • Trial-to-trial variability of CAEPs in adolescents has not been previously examined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally track changes in latency, amplitude, and variability of CAEP components (P1, N1, P2, N2) in adolescents.
  • To investigate the developmental trajectory of the auditory system during adolescence using CAEPs.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study design.
  • Tracking 68 adolescents from age 14 to 17 years.
  • Analysis of P1, N1, P2, and N2 CAEP component latency, amplitude, and trial-to-trial variability.

Main Results:

  • N1 and N2 latency decreased; P1 and P2 latency remained unchanged.
  • P1 and N2 amplitude decreased; N1 amplitude increased; P2 amplitude remained unchanged.
  • Variability decreased with age across all CAEP components.

Conclusions:

  • Findings provide longitudinal evidence for continued auditory system maturation throughout adolescence.
  • The plasticity of neural generators in the adolescent auditory system suggests potential for experience-based modifications.