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Related Concept Videos

Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
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Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

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Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
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Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
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Next generation protein based Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines.

Michael E Pichichero1, M Nadeem Khan1, Qingfu Xu1

  • 1a Research Institute; Rochester General Hospital ; Rochester , NY USA.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|November 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccines are limited. Protein-based vaccines offer a promising alternative to overcome serotype-specific limitations and protect against various pneumococcal infections.

Keywords:
Protein vaccinesSpn infectionsantigenomeimmune responsepathogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Current Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) vaccines, including polysaccharide (PPV) and conjugate (PCV) types, are serotype-specific, leading to limited efficacy and the emergence of resistant strains.
  • These vaccines are less effective against non-bacteremic pneumonia and acute otitis media (AOM) compared to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress in developing non-serotype specific, protein-based Spn vaccines.
  • To explore protein vaccine candidates that are conserved across Spn strains, highly antigenic, and minimally reactogenic.
  • To discuss the role of Spn pathogenesis in guiding the development of effective protein-based vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on Spn vaccine development, focusing on protein-based candidates.
  • Analysis of Spn pathogenesis to identify optimal vaccine targets.
  • Investigation of human sera from natural infections to identify conserved and immunogenic protein antigens (pathogen-specific antigenome).

Main Results:

  • Protein-based vaccines are being developed to overcome the limitations of current serotype-specific vaccines.
  • Key considerations for protein vaccine development include strain conservation, antigenicity, reactogenicity, and impact on nasopharyngeal colonization.
  • Identification of Spn protein vaccine candidates through human serum screening is advancing, with several candidates entering clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Protein-based Spn vaccines hold significant potential to complement or replace current capsular vaccines.
  • These vaccines may offer broader protection against IPD and non-IPD, including pneumonia and AOM.
  • Further development and clinical evaluation of these novel protein vaccine candidates are crucial for future pneumococcal disease prevention.