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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Declination01:19

Magnetic Declination

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Magnetic declination is the angle between true north, which aligns with the Earth's rotational axis, and magnetic north, which follows the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. This discrepancy exists because the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic poles. The value of magnetic declination depends on the observer's location on Earth and is subject to changes over time due to the dynamic nature of the Earth's magnetic field.The declination is called eastern when magnetic north...
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Magnetic Field Lines01:19

Magnetic Field Lines

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The representation of magnetic fields by magnetic field lines is very useful in visualizing the strength and direction of the magnetic field. Each of the magnetic field lines forms a closed loop. The field lines emerge from the north pole (N), loop around to the south pole (S), and continue through the bar magnet back to the north pole.
Magnetic field lines follow several hard-and-fast rules:
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Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

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Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
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Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion01:10

Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion

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In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. He formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe.
Polish astronomer Nikolaus Copernicus put forth a theory that stated a heliocentric model for the solar system. According to this heliocentric theory, all the planets, including Earth, orbit the Sun in circular orbits.
On the other hand,...
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets01:24

Acceleration due to Gravity on Other Planets

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The gravitational acceleration of an object near the Earth's surface is called the acceleration due to gravity. It can be measured by conducting simple experiments on Earth. However, such an experiment is impossible to conduct on the surface of other planets.
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Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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Discovery of diffuse aurora on Mars.

N M Schneider1, J I Deighan2, S K Jain2

  • 1Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. nick.schneider@lasp.colorado.edu.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Mars exhibits deep, widespread auroras caused by solar energetic particles penetrating its atmosphere. These diffuse auroras, detected by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft, extend lower than previously observed on any planet.

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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Space Physics

Background:

  • Planetary auroras are key indicators of atmospheric-plasma interactions.
  • Mars possesses a thin atmosphere and weak global magnetic field, making its auroral processes distinct from Earth's.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the discovery of low-altitude, diffuse auroras on Mars.
  • To investigate the connection between solar energetic particle events and Martian auroras.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUS) instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft.
  • Analyzing remote sensing data of auroral emissions across Mars' northern hemisphere.

Main Results:

  • Diffuse auroral emissions were detected across nearly all nightside longitudes for approximately five days.
  • Auroral emissions reached altitudes as low as 60 km (1 microbar), deeper than previously confirmed on any planet.
  • The auroras coincided with a solar energetic particle (SEP) outburst, with particles up to 200 keV observed.

Conclusions:

  • Solar energetic particles are responsible for exciting the observed low-altitude Martian auroras.
  • Mars' minimal magnetic field likely facilitates more global auroral displays compared to Earth.
  • These findings enhance our understanding of atmospheric dynamics and space weather on Mars.