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Related Concept Videos

Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

13.8K
The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can...
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Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

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Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
The aptamer has high specificity for a particular metabolite which allows riboswitches to specifically regulate...
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Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

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The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
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Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

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Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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A GTP synthase ribozyme with increased GTP turnover.

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The Exceptional Solubility of Cyclic Trimetaphosphate in the Presence of Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Ca<sup>2</sup>.

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Weak effects of prebiotically plausible peptides on self-triphosphorylation ribozyme function.

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Related Experiment Video

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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides

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A Faster Triphosphorylation Ribozyme.

Gregory F Dolan1, Arvin Akoopie1, Ulrich F Müller1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.

Plos One
|November 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers enhanced a catalytic RNA (ribozyme) to speed up RNA triphosphorylation using trimetaphosphate (Tmp). The new ribozyme, TPR1e, is 24 times faster, supporting the RNA world hypothesis and primitive energy sources.

Area of Science:

  • * Origins of life research
  • * Molecular evolution
  • * Biochemistry

Background:

  • * The RNA world hypothesis proposes RNA preceded DNA and proteins.
  • * Trimetaphosphate (Tmp) is a potential ancient energy source for early life.
  • * Ribozymes capable of RNA triphosphorylation using Tmp have been previously identified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To improve the catalytic efficiency of RNA triphosphorylation ribozymes.
  • * To investigate the structural basis for enhanced catalytic activity.
  • * To further support the role of Tmp as an energy source in the RNA world.

Main Methods:

  • * In vitro selection and doped selection techniques were employed.
  • * Ribozyme variants were generated through directed evolution.

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  • * Kinetic assays were performed to determine reaction rates.
  • * Structural analysis was conducted to identify key features.

    • Main Results:

    • * A novel ribozyme, TPR1e, was evolved from a parent ribozyme (TPR1).
    • * TPR1e exhibits a 24-fold increase in triphosphorylation rate compared to TPR1.
    • * TPR1e possesses seven mutations and a unique structural duplex.
    • * Optimal conditions for TPR1e activity were identified (150 mM Tmp, 650 mM MgCl2, 40°C).

    Conclusions:

    • * Enhanced ribozymes can significantly improve the efficiency of RNA modification.
    • * Structural constraints, like the identified duplex, can enhance ribozyme function.
    • * The findings provide stronger evidence for Tmp as a viable energy source in the RNA world.