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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

37
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
37
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

335
Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug...
335
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

24
Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
24
Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling

3.3K
Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Post-release drugs and metabolites can be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. For conjugated metabolites like glucuronides, reabsorption requires enzymatic hydrolysis by intestinal microflora. This...
3.3K
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

345
Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
345
Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors01:16

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Influencing Factors

743
The biliary system of the liver, crucial for bile secretion and drug excretion, comprises intrahepatic bile ducts that merge to form the common hepatic duct. This duct, carrying hepatic bile, combines with the cystic duct, draining the gallbladder and forming the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum. Bile, produced by hepatic cells lining the bile canaliculi, is composed primarily of water, bile salts, pigments, electrolytes, and lesser amounts of cholesterol and fatty acids. Bile...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

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Access to hepatitis C medicines.

Danny J Edwards1, Delphi Gm Coppens1, Tara L Prasad1

  • 1Access to Medicine Foundation, Scheepmakersdijk 5A, 2011 AS, Haarlem, Netherlands .

Bulletin of the World Health Organization
|November 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C (a global epidemic) can be curbed with new antiviral drugs if they are affordable and accessible. Pharmaceutical companies must prioritize access strategies and generic licensing to combat this disease effectively.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Global Health
  • Pharmaceutical Industry Analysis

Background:

  • Hepatitis C is a widespread global epidemic affecting 185 million people, predominantly in low- and middle-income nations.
  • Recent advancements in antiviral drug development offer more effective, safer, and better-tolerated treatments for hepatitis C.
  • Effective control of the hepatitis C epidemic hinges on drug affordability, scaled-up generic production, and enhanced awareness and screening programs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the marketed products, drug pipelines, and access-to-medicine strategies of major pharmaceutical companies concerning hepatitis C treatments.
  • To provide an overview of pharmaceutical companies' engagement in addressing access to hepatitis C products.
  • To recommend actions for pharmaceutical companies to enhance their role in curbing the global hepatitis C epidemic.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of marketed products and drug pipelines of 20 large pharmaceutical companies.
  • Review of access to medicine strategies employed by these companies for hepatitis C therapies.
  • Identification of companies developing hepatitis C medicines and their engagement approaches.

Main Results:

  • Six major pharmaceutical companies (AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead, Johnson & Johnson, Merck & Co., Roche) are developing hepatitis C medicines.
  • These companies utilize diverse strategies including pricing adjustments, voluntary licensing, capacity building, and drug donations.
  • An overview of company engagement in hepatitis C product access is presented.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmaceutical companies play a crucial role in controlling the hepatitis C epidemic through their product development and access strategies.
  • Key actions for companies include prioritizing affordability assessments, developing early-stage access strategies, and facilitating generic medicine licensing.
  • Enhanced collaboration and strategic planning by pharmaceutical firms are essential to curb the global hepatitis C epidemic.