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Related Concept Videos

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Identification of Plant Ice-binding Proteins Through Assessment of Ice-recrystallization Inhibition and Isolation Using Ice-affinity Purification
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Ice nucleation active particles are efficiently removed by precipitating clouds.

Emiliano Stopelli1, Franz Conen1, Cindy E Morris2

  • 1Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.

Scientific Reports
|November 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are crucial for rain and snow. This study shows precipitating clouds rapidly deplete INPs, limiting their influence on precipitation timing and amount.

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Cloud Physics
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Ice nucleation is critical for precipitation formation.
  • Ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations influence precipitation timing, location, and amount.
  • Quantifying INP abundance and variability is essential for climate modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between water vapor loss in precipitating clouds and INP abundance.
  • To understand how microphysical processes affect INP concentrations during precipitation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the hydrological tracer δ(18)O to quantify water vapor loss from precipitating clouds.
  • Correlated water vapor loss with INP concentrations measured in freshly fallen snow.
  • Analyzed the depletion rates of INPs active at different temperatures and sizes.

Main Results:

  • INPs active at temperatures ≥ -10°C (INPs-10) halved for every 10% of water vapor lost.
  • Larger INPs (>0.5 μm) showed slower depletion, halving in number for every 20% of water vapor lost.
  • Precipitating clouds effectively deplete INPs active at moderate supercooling.

Conclusions:

  • Precipitating clouds rapidly consume INPs, particularly those active at moderate supercooling.
  • This depletion limits the spatial and temporal impact of INPs on subsequent precipitation development.
  • Understanding INP depletion is key to improving precipitation forecasts and climate models.