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Related Concept Videos

Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

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In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400...
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An important distinction exists between the electric field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the induced electric field is nonconservative because it does not work in moving a charge over a closed path. In contrast, the electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the electrostatic field but not the induced field. The following...
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The fact that emfs are induced in circuits implies that work is being done on the conduction electrons in the wires. What can possibly be the source of this work? We know that it’s neither a battery nor a magnetic field, as a battery does not have to be present in a circuit where current is induced, and magnetic fields never do any work on moving charges. The source of the work is in fact an electric field that is induced in the wires. For example, if a stationary conductor is placed in a...
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A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Mapping transient electric fields with picosecond electron bunches.

Long Chen1, Runze Li1, Jie Chen1

  • 1Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Inertial Fusion Sciences and Applications (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a 3D method to measure transient electric fields in laser plasmas using time-resolved electron schlieren radiography. This technique achieves 80-μm spatial and 3.7-ps temporal resolution, revealing detailed field structures.

Keywords:
electron radiographylaser plasmaspatial resolutiontemporal resolutiontransient electric field

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Laser-Induced Phenomena
  • Electromagnetism

Background:

  • Transient electric fields are crucial in laser plasmas but difficult to measure.
  • Existing methods lack sufficient spatial resolution for detailed field mapping.
  • Ultrafast electron or proton pulses offer potential for high temporal resolution diagnostics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a 3D measurement technique for transient electric fields in laser plasmas.
  • To achieve high spatial and temporal resolution for mapping field features.
  • To analyze the electric field structure generated at a laser-irradiated foil.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized time-resolved electron schlieren radiography with femtosecond laser pulses.
  • Employed electron pulses as probes for high temporal resolution (3.7 ps).
  • Achieved 80-μm spatial resolution and applied Abel inversion for 3D reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Successfully performed a direct 3D measurement of a transient electric field.
  • Observed a unique "peak-valley" electric field map with strengths up to 10^5 V/m.
  • Characterized electron emission (4 × 10^6 m/s) from a laser-irradiated aluminum foil.

Conclusions:

  • Time-resolved schlieren radiography with charged particle pulses is a powerful tool for diagnosing transient electric fields.
  • This method enables detailed mapping of fast-evolving field structures in plasmas.
  • Potential applications include diagnostics for plasma-based particle accelerators.