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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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[Do not always puncture a thyroid nodule].

Bart Dorgelo1, Johannes W A Smit, Thera P Links

  • 1Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, Groningen.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|November 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The rising incidence of papillary thyroid cancer is linked to advanced diagnostics, leading to overdiagnosis and overtreatment of indolent cases. Careful multidisciplinary discussion is crucial for managing thyroid nodules and incidentalomas.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Increasing incidence of thyroid cancer, particularly the papillary subtype.
  • Attributed to enhanced diagnostic sensitivity and increased use of imaging.
  • Papillary thyroid cancers detected are often small and indolent.

Observation:

  • Two patient cases illustrate risks of overdiagnosis and overtreatment for thyroid nodules.
  • Thyroid incidentalomas on imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI) do not routinely require further investigation.
  • Overdiagnosis and overtreatment are significant concerns in current thyroid cancer detection.

Findings:

  • Higher sensitivity of diagnostic techniques leads to detection of small, indolent papillary thyroid cancers.
  • Frequent use of diagnostic imaging contributes to an increase in diagnosed thyroid nodules.
  • Standard protocols for incidentalomas may lead to unnecessary procedures.

Implications:

  • Need for careful consideration of diagnostic procedures for thyroid nodules and incidentalomas.
  • Multidisciplinary team discussions are essential to weigh the pros and cons of diagnostic interventions.
  • Avoiding overdiagnosis and overtreatment is critical in managing the rising incidence of thyroid cancer.