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Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Humoral Immune Responses

Humoral Immune Responses

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Immune correlates for dengue vaccine development.

Anon Srikiatkhachorn¹, In-Kyu Yoon²

¹a Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA.

Expert Review of Vaccines

|November 13, 2015

Summary

Developing dengue virus vaccines is challenging due to potential disease enhancement during secondary infections. Understanding immune responses, like neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity, is crucial for predicting protection or risk.

Keywords:

Dengue antibody-dependent enhancement cell-mediated immunity correlate of protection correlate of risk dengue vaccine human infection model humoral immunity systems immunology systems vaccinology

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Published on: April 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

Dengue virus is a major vector-borne viral disease with four circulating serotypes.
Dengue vaccine development faces challenges due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) during heterologous infections.
Secondary dengue infections elicit complex immune memory responses influencing protection or disease severity.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the complexities of immune responses to dengue virus infection.
To identify potential correlates of protection or disease enhancement for dengue vaccine development.
To address mechanistic uncertainties and assay limitations in studying dengue immunity.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on dengue virus immunology and vaccine challenges.
Analysis of the roles of neutralizing antibodies, particularly to quaternary epitopes.
Consideration of cell-mediated immunity, including Th1 responses.
Discussion of limitations in current immunological assays and research models.

Main Results:

Neutralizing antibodies targeting quaternary epitopes are critical for dengue virus neutralization.
Cell-mediated immunity, especially Th1-dominated responses, plays a significant role.
Immune memory responses to secondary infections vary in specificity and function, impacting outcomes.
Current understanding is hampered by mechanistic uncertainties and assay limitations.

Conclusions:

Identifying immune correlates of protection or risk is essential but challenging for dengue vaccine design.
Further research using clinical trials, human infection models, and systems approaches is needed.
A deeper understanding of dengue virus-specific immunity is required to overcome vaccine development hurdles.