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Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Management of Orbital and Periocular Vascular Anomalies
Andrew W Stacey1, Joseph J Gemmete, Alon Kahana
1*Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, and †Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.
Purpose:
To review the treatment modalities available to clinicians who treat orbital and periocular vascular anomalies, with a focus on newer approaches.
Methods:
The authors' experience, along with a literature review, was used to provide a concise summary of the available approaches to the treatment of periocular vascular anomalies. Emerging diagnostic tools and therapies are highlighted.
Results:
The treatment of orbital and periocular vascular anomalies, including vascular malformations and tumors, increasingly utilizes a multidisciplinary team and a combination of endovascular, percutaneous, and open surgical techniques.
Conclusions:
A growing reliance on new instrumentation and tools in a team-oriented approach to treatment may lead to better results with improved visual function and cosmesis and with reduced risk of complications.
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