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Hormones and blood pressure: clues from chronobiology
1Clinica Medica Generale, Divisione di Cardiologia, Istituto Scientifico Ospedale S. Raffaele, Milano, Italy.
Insights
This review highlights how hormones regulating blood pressure exhibit complex rhythms. Understanding these chronobiological patterns is crucial for explaining hypertension and developing new therapeutic strategies.
Area of Science:
- Endocrinology
- Chronobiology
- Hypertension Research
Background:
- Hormones like renin-angiotensins, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids are key to blood pressure regulation.
- Existing hypertension research often overlooks the critical role of circadian rhythms and hormonal timing.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review hormonal mechanisms involved in blood pressure homeostasis.
- To explore the significance of circadian rhythms in hormone action and their impact on blood pressure.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of homeostatic hormones related to blood pressure.
- Analysis of experimental and clinical data concerning hypertension and hormonal rhythms.
Main Results:
- Several hormone groups are vital for coordinating blood pressure.
- Hormonal effects can vary significantly based on the organism's biological rhythms.
- Disruptions in hormonal timing can lead to circadian blood pressure ecphasia, amplitude-hypertension, or MESOR-hypertension.
Conclusions:
- Circadian rhythms significantly influence the homeostatic actions of blood pressure-regulating hormones.
- Understanding hormonal chronobiology is essential for a comprehensive approach to hypertension.
- Temporal patterns of hormones offer new perspectives on hypertension subtypes and management.
Abstract:
Results relating to the study of several hormones homeostatically related to blood pressure (renin-angiotensins, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, atrial natriuretic factor) are reviewed. Most experimental data and clinical observations concerning 'hypertension' are specified neither as to circadian stage nor do they assess rhythm parameters. Such homeostatic data suggest that several groupings of hormones play a major role in coordinating blood pressure. The majority of hormones involved have multiple actions and the diversity of effects is often unexplained in homeostatic terms. In chronobiology, opposite effects are seen in response to the same stimulus depending upon the stage of the organism's multifrequency rhythms and their intermodulation. The periodic pattern exhibited by some of the hormones coordinating blood pressure in health and the capability of these hormones to modify temporal structure, either inducing a change in timing (circadian blood pressure ecphasia) or in amplitude (amplitude-hypertension) or in mean level of the values (MESOR-hypertension) are reviewed as well.