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Related Concept Videos

Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

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During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
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Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

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Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by...
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Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues
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Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

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Triploidy--Observations in 154 Diandric Cases.

Nanna Brink Scholz1, Lars Bolund1,2, Mette Nyegaard1

  • 1Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.

Plos One
|November 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Triploid hydatidiform moles (HMs) consistently show two paternal DNA contributions (P1P2M). This study found no cases of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) in 154 triploid samples, estimating the GTN risk at 0%.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Human genetics
  • Gynecologic oncology

Background:

  • Hydatidiform moles (HMs) are abnormal pregnancies with significant risks of miscarriage and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN).
  • Most HMs exhibit diandric diploid (PP) or diandric triploid (PPM) parental origins.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of HMs is crucial for predicting and managing associated complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the parental genetic contributions and chromosomal constitutions in triploid or near-triploid hydatidiform moles.
  • To determine the risk of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) following a triploid molar pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Collection and analysis of 154 triploid or near-triploid conceptus samples with vesicular chorionic villi.
  • Utilized DNA marker analysis, methylation-sensitive MLPA, and whole-genome SNP analysis.
  • Compiled data from patient registries and medical records.

Main Results:

  • All 154 triploid samples demonstrated two distinct paternal contributions (P1P2M).
  • Observed sex chromosomal constitutions (XXX, XXY, XYY) occurred in ratios of 5.7: 6.9: 1.0.
  • No instances of GTN were identified in the studied triploid HM cohort.

Conclusions:

  • Confirms that all triploid human conceptuses with vesicular chorionic villi possess the P1P2M parental type.
  • Sex chromosomal ratios suggest a combination of meiotic errors and selection against XYY conceptuses.
  • The estimated risk of GTN after a triploid mole is 0% (95% CI: 0-1.4%), based on this and previous studies.