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The Achromatic Object-Colour Manifold is Three-Dimensional.

Alexander D Logvinenko1

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK a.logvinenko@gcu.ac.uk.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Object colors appear different in shadow versus light. This study confirms achromatic colors are two-dimensional in both attached and cast shadows, with distinct perceptual dimensions for each shadow type.

Keywords:
brightnesslightnessmultidimensional scalingslant

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Area of Science:

  • Visual Perception
  • Color Science
  • Psychophysics

Background:

  • Achromatic object colors appear different in shadow compared to light.
  • Previous research confirmed the two-dimensionality of achromatic object colors in cast shadows using multidimensional scaling (MDS).
  • Discrepancies exist regarding whether attached shadows also exhibit two-dimensionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dimensionality of achromatic object colors under attached shadows.
  • To compare the perceptual dimensions of attached versus cast shadows.
  • To resolve conflicting findings on the dimensionality of achromatic colors in shadows.

Main Methods:

  • An experiment was conducted presenting achromatic Munsell chips in four conditions: in front in light, at slant in light, in front in shadow, and at slant in shadow.
  • Observers rated the dissimilarity between chips under these conditions.
  • Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis was applied to the dissimilarity data.

Main Results:

  • MDS analysis confirmed the two-dimensionality of achromatic colors for both attached and cast shadows.
  • The dimension induced by cast shadows ('shadowedness') was found to be distinct from the dimension induced by attached shadows ('shading').
  • These distinct dimensions were clearly represented in the three-dimensional MDS output configuration.

Conclusions:

  • Achromatic object colors exhibit two-dimensionality in both attached and cast shadows.
  • Attached and cast shadows are perceptually distinct entities, with 'shading' and 'shadowedness' as separate dimensions.
  • A shading gradient is perceptually interpreted as shape or spatial relief.