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Implicit Memories

Implicit Memories

Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
One key aspect of implicit...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Observational Fear as a Model of Affective Empathy in Mice

Observational Fear as a Model of Affective Empathy in Mice

Published on: November 22, 2024

Eye Movements Index Implicit Memory Expression in Fear Conditioning.

Lauren S Hopkins¹, Douglas H Schultz¹, Deborah E Hannula¹

¹Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States of America.

|November 13, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Eye tracking reveals that learning in aversive Pavlovian conditioning occurs before explicit awareness. Participants showed distinct viewing patterns for conditioned stimuli (CS) even before consciously recognizing the shock contingencies.

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Last Updated: Mar 30, 2026

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Behavioral Science

Background:

The role of contingency awareness in human associative learning is debated.
Eye movements may reflect unconscious mnemonic processes.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the role of awareness in aversive Pavlovian conditioning using eye tracking.
Determine if learning occurs before explicit contingency awareness.

Main Methods:

Participants underwent Pavlovian conditioning with visual stimuli and shock.
Recorded skin conductance, eye movements, and pupil size.
Used expectancy ratings to identify explicit contingency awareness.

Main Results:

Disproportionate viewing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) occurred before and after awareness.
Viewing patterns differentiated the shock-paired CS+ from the non-paired CS-.
Eye movement patterns indicated learning prior to explicit awareness.

Conclusions:

Findings support dual-process models of fear conditioning.
Learning in aversive conditioning can be indexed by eye movements before conscious awareness.