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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

Published on: January 21, 2020

The complex regional pain syndrome.

Anne Louise Oaklander¹, Steven H Horowitz²

¹Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|November 14, 2015

Summary

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a pain condition often following limb injury. Early rehabilitation and neuropathic pain treatments can speed recovery for this inflammatory condition.

Keywords:

algodystrophy causalgia chronic pain neuroinflammation neuropathic pain peripheral nerve reflex sympathetic dystrophy trauma

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Pain Medicine
Immunology

Background:

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a debilitating condition typically following limb trauma.
It is characterized by disproportionate pain, microvascular changes (edema, color changes), and altered sweating.
CRPS is classified into CRPS-I (formerly reflex sympathetic dystrophy) and CRPS-II (formerly causalgia) based on nerve injury presence.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of CRPS.
To discuss the diagnosis, pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment of CRPS.
To highlight recent advancements and investigational therapies for CRPS management.

Main Methods:

Clinical diagnosis based on characteristic symptoms and signs.
Pathophysiological mechanisms explored include small-fiber axonopathy, microvasculopathy, inflammation, and central sensitization.
Review of evidence-based treatment modalities and emerging therapies.

Main Results:

CRPS involves complex interactions of neuroinflammation, vascular dysfunction, and central nervous system changes.
Females are at higher risk, with workplace accidents being a common trigger.
Effective treatments include rehabilitation therapies, neuropathic pain medications, and electrical stimulation.

Conclusions:

CRPS is a genuine neuroinflammatory complication of limb injury in susceptible individuals.
Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment, including rehabilitation, are crucial for optimal outcomes.
Further research into investigational treatments like ketamine and neuromodulation holds promise for non-recovering patients.