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Related Concept Videos

Transformations of Functions II01:29

Transformations of Functions II

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Transformations in mathematics alter the position or orientation of a function’s graph while preserving its fundamental shape. One important type of transformation is the horizontal shift, which involves modifying the input variable within a function’s equation. This operation affects where outputs occur along the horizontal axis but does not alter the function’s overall structure.A horizontal shift is achieved by replacing the input variable x with either x + c or x - c,...
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Introduction to Vertical Curves01:24

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Vertical curves are parabolic transitions that connect different grades on highways and railroads, ensuring a smooth alignment between back and forward tangents. The back tangent represents the initial grade, while the forward tangent defines the subsequent grade. These curves can be symmetrical, with equal tangent lengths, or nonsymmetrical, with varying lengths. The key points defining a vertical curve include the Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.), where the tangents meet; the Point of...
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Horizontal Curve: Problem Solving01:03

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A horizontal curve is characterized by its radius, intersection angle, and stationing of key points. In this case, the radius is 400 meters, and the angle of intersection is 30 degrees, with the station of the point of curvature (P.C.) at 0 + 150 meters. The goal is to determine the station values at the point of intersection (P.I.), point of tangency (P.T.), and midpoint of the curve, as well as the length of the long chord.The process begins with calculating the tangent distance (T) and the...
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Vertical Curve: Problem Solving01:23

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Vertical curves provide the transition between two roadway grades, ensuring safety, comfort, and functionality. Calculating elevations at specific stations along the curve involves several systematic steps based on the curve's geometry and provided design parameters.The vertical curve is defined by its length, grades, Point of Vertical Intersection (P.V.I.) location, and P.V.I. elevation. The stations of the Point of Vertical Curvature (P.V.C.), where the curve begins, and the Point of Vertical...
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Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element01:16

Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

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To understand shear on the flat side of a prismatic beam element, consider the vertical and horizontal shearing forces, and the normal forces, acting on the element. The element's upper (U) and lower (L) sections, which are divided by the beam's neutral axis, are examined. The equilibrium of these forces is determined by applying the equilibrium equation, which helps identify the horizontal shearing force. This force is directly related to the bending moments and the cross-section's...
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Vertical curves are essential in roadway design because they provide smooth transitions between varying roadway grades. Designing vertical curves involves calculating intermediate elevations and identifying the curve's highest or lowest point, which is essential for optimal roadway performance.Intermediate elevations on a vertical curve are determined using the tangent offset method. This method considers the initial elevation at the start of the curve, the grades, and the curve's geometry. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Assessment of Static Graviceptive Perception in the Roll-Plane using the Subjective Visual Vertical Paradigm
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Small Deviations: Vertical, Horizontal, and Combined.

Steven M Archer1

  • 1From the W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

The American Orthoptic Journal
|November 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surgical options for symptomatic small-angle strabismus in adults are evolving. New techniques offer promising alternatives to traditional prism spectacles, meeting patient desires for spectacle-free vision.

Keywords:
esotropiasmall-angle strabismusstrabismus surgeryvertical strabismus

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Small-angle strabismus is often acquired in adulthood.
  • Traditionally managed with prism spectacles, this approach has limitations.

Observation:

  • Surgical treatment of small-angle strabismus presents unique challenges.
  • Review of literature and author's experience highlights specific surgical procedures.

Findings:

  • Recently developed surgical techniques show significant promise for adult small-angle strabismus.
  • A case report demonstrates the application of these novel methods.
  • The author's practice indicates a notable rise in surgical interventions for this condition.

Implications:

  • Surgical strategies are becoming crucial for addressing small deviations.
  • These advancements align with adult patients' preference for spectacle-free outcomes.