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Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Real-time Imaging of Plant Cell Surface Dynamics with Variable-angle Epifluorescence Microscopy
Published on: December 12, 2015
Application of Variable Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy to Investigate Protein Dynamics in
Yinglang Wan1, Yiqun Xue2, Ruili Li1
1College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
Abstract:
Variable angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) is an optical method to observe the molecular events occurring in an extremely thin region near the plasma membrane. Recently, the VA-TIRFM technique has been widely used to study fluorescently labeled target molecules in living animal and plant cells. Here, we describe the optical principle of the VA-TIRFM technique and provide a detailed experimental procedure for the study of living plant cells.
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Protein Dynamics in Living Cells
Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a fluorescent-protein-based detection technique used to quantify protein movement rates within the cell. This method exposes a small portion of the cell to an intense laser beam. The laser beam causes permanent photobleaching of the fluorophore-tagged proteins in the exposed region. As the bleached...
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy