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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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DNA Microarrays

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Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Navigating MARRVEL, a Web-Based Tool that Integrates Human Genomics and Model Organism Genetics Information
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Mouse genome database 2016.

Carol J Bult1, Janan T Eppig2, Judith A Blake2

  • 1The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA carol.bult@jax.org.

Nucleic Acids Research
|November 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Mouse Genome Database (MGD) provides essential data on mouse genes, functions, and diseases, crucial for understanding human biology and advancing precision medicine. Recent updates enhance data accessibility and comparative biology tools.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Translational Medicine

Background:

  • The laboratory mouse is a critical model organism for biomedical research.
  • The Mouse Genome Database (MGD) is the primary resource for mouse genetic and phenotypic data.
  • Advancements in sequencing and gene editing highlight the mouse's importance in understanding human genetic variation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe recent enhancements to the Mouse Genome Database (MGD).
  • To underscore the role of MGD in supporting precision medicine and human disease research.

Main Methods:

  • Database development and integration of new data types.
  • Implementation of graphical summaries for gene annotations.
  • Expansion of comparative genomics and homology data.

Main Results:

  • MGD now offers enhanced graphical summaries of gene annotations.
  • Mobile access and tools for analyzing gene sets have been introduced.
  • Comparative biology resources have been expanded with increased homology data.

Conclusions:

  • MGD continues to evolve as a vital resource for mouse and human biology research.
  • Enhanced features in MGD support the advancement of genome-guided precision medicine.
  • The database facilitates a deeper understanding of mouse models for human diseases.