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Visual processing in reading disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its contribution to basic

Michelle Y Kibby1, Sarah M Dyer1, Sarah A Vadnais1

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Summary

Children with reading disorders (RD) show deficits in sequential short-term memory (STM), impacting basic reading skills. This visual sequential STM deficit appears specific to RD and warrants further investigation into its origins.

Keywords:
ADHDbasic readingchildrendyslexiareading disabilityreading disordervisual processingvisual short-term memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Visual processing deficits in reading disorders (RD) have been debated for decades.
  • Short-term memory (STM) and visual discrimination are often implicated in reading ability.
  • Reading disorders frequently co-occur with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate visual processing differences between children with RD, ADHD, and controls.
  • To determine if specific visual processing deficits are associated with RD or ADHD.
  • To examine the relationship between visual processing measures and reading ability.

Main Methods:

  • Compared performance on visual discrimination and sequential/non-sequential STM tasks across three groups: RD, ADHD, and controls.
  • Assessed children with RD, ADHD, and comorbid RD/ADHD.
  • Correlated visual processing measures with reading ability.

Main Results:

  • Children with RD and ADHD performed comparably to controls on non-sequential STM and visual discrimination tasks.
  • Both RD groups (RD and RD/ADHD) showed deficits in sequential STM compared to controls.
  • Sequential visual STM was the only visual measure that predicted reading ability.

Conclusions:

  • A deficit in visual sequential short-term memory (STM) is specific to reading disorders (RD).
  • This sequential STM deficit is linked to fundamental reading ability.
  • Potential underlying factors include reduced memory for order and verbal mediation deficits.