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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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People have observed the rolling motion without slipping ever since the invention of the wheel. For example, one can look at the interaction between a car's tires and the surface of the road. If the driver presses the accelerator to the floor so that the tires spin without the car moving forward, there must be kinetic friction between the wheels and the road's surface. If the driver slowly presses the accelerator, causing the car to move forward, the tires roll without slipping. It is...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Updated: Mar 30, 2026

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Spin-orbit coupling at surfaces and 2D materials.

E E Krasovskii1

  • 1Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del Pais Vasco UPV/EHU, 20080 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain. Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spin-orbit interaction creates distinct surface states, crucial for spintronic technology. This review explores their structure and mechanisms using advanced experimental techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Surface Science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • Spin-orbit interaction induces the Rashba effect, splitting surface states.
  • Topological insulators possess unique topological surface states due to spin-orbit coupling.
  • Momentum separation of spin-polarized states drives phenomena like spin transfer and spin-to-charge conversion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent theoretical and experimental advancements in understanding spin-orbit driven phenomena at surfaces.
  • To elucidate the microscopic structure and underlying mechanisms of these phenomena.
  • To highlight the potential of these effects for future spintronic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES)
  • Spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SRPES)
  • Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)

Main Results:

  • Detailed characterization of the microscopic structure of spin-split surface states.
  • Elucidation of mechanisms behind spin accumulation and spin-to-charge conversion.
  • Demonstration of the link between spin-orbit interaction and topological surface states.

Conclusions:

  • Spin-orbit interaction is fundamental to novel surface phenomena with spintronic potential.
  • Advanced spectroscopies and microscopy are key to understanding these complex electronic structures.
  • Further research promises breakthroughs in low-power, high-efficiency spintronic devices.